Mostrando postagens com marcador Capitalismo. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador Capitalismo. Mostrar todas as postagens

LIBRO

Sin alternativa
Joaquin Estefania
01/03/2011

Los historiadores distinguen entre crisis mayores y menores. Las crisis mayores del capitalismo han sido, además de las dos guerras mundiales, la Gran Depresión de los años treinta del siglo pasado y la actual Gran Recesión. Entre una y otra hay muchas analogías, pero también extraordinarias diferencias: hoy, al contrario que entonces, no existe alternativa al capitalismo imperante. No hay comunismos ni fascismos que compitan por la primera plaza del sustrato económico de la modernidad. En la actualidad de lo que se habla, como mucho, es de embridar el capitalismo, reformarlo, regularlo o refundarlo, pero no de sustituirlo.

En 1933, Keynes hizo unas declaraciones muy notorias: "El decadente capitalismo internacional, individualista, en cuyas manos nos encontramos después de la guerra [se refiere a la I Guerra Mundial] no es inteligente, no es bello, no es justo, no es virtuoso y no satisface las necesidades. En resumen, nos desagrada y comenzamos a despreciarlo. Pero cuando buscamos con qué reemplazarlo, nos miramos extremadamente confusos".


Setenta y ocho años después de esas palabras, nos sentimos con idénticas incógnitas. El sociólogo Salvador Giner se sorprende, lógicamente, ante el hecho de una ausencia casi absoluta de consideraciones sobre el destino final del orden capitalista, sobre su porvenir (si lo tiene), así como del mundo que ha de surgir tras la crisis que, por el momento, se caracteriza, entre otros aspectos, por una prosperidad amenazada, paro desbordado, acoso al bienestar público, la miseria propia o ajena, los conflictos bélicos estrechamente vinculados a causas económicas, los daños morales o anímicos de un trabajo o un mercado ligados al orden o al desorden capitalista, el agotamiento del medio ambiente y, sobre todo, las ilusiones perdidas.

Para Giner, la utopía factible de nuestra época es una sociedad decente alejada de las trampas de la utopía. Pero ella no podrá lograrse sin que la preceda una reflexión sobre el capitalismo. Esa sociedad decente tiene el sustrato de una austeridad compartida, igualitaria, que permita la existencia de las diferencias culturales y personales y el respeto y la recompensa al mérito, pero que no sea compatible con las inmensas desproporciones en la riqueza que ha fomentado hasta hoy el capitalismo. Lo que hace que un país sea de veras un país avanzado es la existencia de un Estado del Bienestar eficiente. La austeridad igualitaria como principio moral de convivencia no avala los peligrosos recortes del welfare y a las políticas redistributivas necesarias para capacitar a la ciudadanía a ejercer sus derechos y cumplir sus deberes, sino que exige la eliminación de la opulencia innecesaria e insolente, y el despilfarro.

Cualquier análisis del futuro del capitalismo exige la presencia de reflexiones como las de Marx y Schumpeter. En ellas se anuda Giner para hacer las suyas propias.

El futuro del capitalismo
Salvador Giner
Ediciones Península. Barcelona, 2010
162 páginas. 15,90 euros
http://www.elpais.com/

Business Books

17.01.2011
Foto - Origami by Won Park for TIME

The Free Market Capitalist's Survival Guide - By Jerry Bowyer (Broadside; 217 pages)

23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism -  By Ha-Joon Chang (Bloomsbury; 286 pages)

Imagine two explorers who set out to survey a new continent. One comes back from his journey and describes the idyllic lifestyle enjoyed by the native population: the foliage is lush, the cuisine delectable and the rulers just. The other examines the same terrain and reports that the inhabitants are miserable, the food stinks and the rulers are despots. What gives?
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Reading these two books about free-market capitalism simultaneously is a Rashomon-like experience. How can two authors start at the same place and arrive at diametrically opposite views? Jerry Bowyer, a fervent believer in supply-side economics, insists that the Obama Administration is careering toward a "hate the wealthy" socialist state. But Ha-Joon Chang is concerned with another President, Ronald Reagan, whose brand of unfettered free-market capitalism, he believes, has left the global economy in tatters.
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The authors' writing styles are poles apart. Bowyer, a CNBC contributor and chief economist at BenchMark, a financial-services firm, has a bare-knuckles, take-no-prisoners bluster. "Obamacare is not something that flows from the barrel of a conventional firearm," he writes. "It is much more like an agent of biological warfare." Chang, befitting his position as an economics professor at Cambridge University, is engagingly thoughtful and opinionated at a much lower decibel level. "The 'truths' peddled by free-market ideologues are based on lazy assumptions and blinkered visions," he charges.
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Bowyer's goal is advising readers how to "prosper under the current anti-wealth climate." Financial tips include not investing in anything "big enough that the state sees it as a rival to its own power," getting behind "solutions to leftism" like "politically disfavored media outlets" and pouring money into foreign markets "outside the reach of our leaders."
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Bowyer's beef with the prevailing form of capitalism is familiar to Washington watchers. He writes that the President has a veiled "redistribution philosophy" that unfairly targets the wealthy. Wall Street is wrongly deemed "parasitical," he says. Only if the government lets business be business and CEOs collect their (monetary) due will the economy right itself.
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Chang's goal is intellectual: he would trash the lessons of a generation of neoliberal economists. There is no such thing as a free market, he declares; "a market looks free only because we so unconditionally accept its underlying restrictions that we fail to see them." He points out that slavery and child labor, once considered free-market prerogatives, are now universally rejected by free marketeers. Immigration policies, he says, determine which workers are available and how much they are paid according to political pressures.
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As is so often the case in economic debate, each author is preaching to the choir. Their readers exist in parallel universes. It is unlikely that George Soros will be picking up Bowyer's antileft screed anytime soon or that Rupert Murdoch will give Chang's liberal musings the time of day. So if you're having a literary soirée, don't seat these two authors next to each other unless you want the banquet table upended.
www.time.com